Ìàòåìàòèêà: Ñâîéñòâà ÷èñåë. Ïåðèîäè÷åñêàÿ ñèñòåìà ÷èñåë, Íàó÷íàÿ ðàáîòà

©  Àâòîð Áóòàðåâà Ëþäìèëà

                                                                                                29 äåêàáðÿ 2006 ã.

                                                     ÑÂÎÉÑÒÂÀ   ×ÈÑÅË

                                     ÏÅÐÈÎÄÈ×ÅÑÊÀß   ÑÈÑÒÅÌÀ   ×ÈÑÅË.

Ñâîéñòâà ÷èñåë íàòóðàëüíîãî ðÿäà, à òàêæå ïðîèçâîäíûõ îò íèõ íàõîäÿòñÿ  â ðàçëè÷íîé  ïåðèîäè÷åñêîé çàâèñèìîñòè îò ïîðÿäêîâûõ  íîìåðîâ ÷èñåë.

Íàïðèìåð, ðàññìîòðèì øåñòåðè÷íóþ ïåðèîäèçàöèþ ÷èñåë.

  1.     Çàïèøåì íàòóðàëüíûé ðÿä ÷èñåë ïî 6

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        Ãðóïïû    !         A              B            C             D             E             F

-------------------!--------------------------------------------------------------------------

        Ïåðèîäû  !

             0           !                                                                                       1                                                                                                                                                    

             1           !         2              3             4              5              6             7

             2           !         8              9            10            11            12           13 

             3           !       14             15           16            17            18           19                                       

             n           !     6n - 4       6n - 3      6n - 2       6n - 1         6n         6n + 1

   -----------------!-------------------------------------------------------------------------

                                 Óñëîâíûå îáîçíà÷åíèÿ:     A B  C  D  E  F - ãðóïïû ÷èñåë

                                                                                0, 1, 2... n  -  ## ïåðèîäîâ 

    2.    Ïðîäîëæèì òàáëèöó  â îáëàñòü îòðèöàòåëüíûõ ÷èñåë:                                                                                                                                                                                                                           --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        Ãðóïïû     !         A              B            C             D             E             F

------------------- !------------------------------------------------------------------------

        Ïåðèîäû   !

            -4           !      -28           -27          -26          -25          -24          -23

            -3           !      -22           -21          -20          -19          -18          -17

            -2           !      -16           -15          -14          -13         - 12          -11

            -1           !      -10             -9           -8            -7             -6            -5

             0           !       -4             -3            -2            -1              0             1                                                                                                                                                    

             1           !         2              3             4              5              6             7

             2           !         8              9            10            11            12           13 

             3           !       14             15           16            17            18           19

             4           !       20             21           22            23            24           25                          

             n           !     6n - 4       6n - 3      6n - 2       6n - 1         6n         6n + 1

   -----------------!-------------------------------------------------------------------------

Ãðóïïû  è Å – ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíûå ãðóïïû.  Îòðèöàòåëüíûå ÷èñëà êàæäîé èç ýòèõ ãðóïï ïî àáñîëþòíîé âåëè÷èíå ðàâíû ñîáñòâåííûì ïîëîæèòåëüíûì.

 Ãðóïïà À  â îòðèöàòåëüíîé ÷àñòè ïåðåõîäèò â ãðóïïó Ñ (è íàîáîðîò).

 Ãðóïïà D â îòðèöàòåëüíîé ÷àñòè ïåðåõîäèò â ãðóïïó F (è íàîáîðîò).

 Ïî àáñîëþòíîé âåëè÷èíå ðÿäû ÷èñåë  A = C,  D = F íà âñåì ïðîòÿæåíèè îò îî äî – îî.

Ãðóïïû  A è C,  D è F íàçûâàþòñÿ áëèçíåöàìè.

 Òàáëèöå ¹ 1 ïðèâåäåíû íåêîòîðûå îáùèå ñâîéñòâà ÷èñåë ïî ãðóïïàì ïðè øåñòåðè÷íîé ïåðèîäèçàöèè.

Òàáëèöà ¹ 1

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    Ãðóïïà      !      Îáùèå ñâîéñòâà ÷èñåë                     

---------------- !----------------------------------------------------------------------------------                                                                                                                                                          À   ( 6n – 4)   !    ×åòíûå (èç íèõ 1 ïðîñòîå)                    !  èìååò áëèçíåöà Ñ

B   ( 6n – 3)   !     Êðàòíûå 3-ì ( èç íèõ 1 ïðîñòîå)         !           

Ñ   ( 6n – 2)   !     ×åòíûå                                                   !  èìååò áëèçíåöà  À                                                                               D   ( 6n – 1)   !     Ïðîñòûå + ïðîèçâåäåíèÿ D x F           !  èìååò áëèçíåöà  F                                                       

E   ( 6n)         !     ×åòíûå, êðàòíûå 3-ì                            !

F  ( 6n  + 1)   !     Ïðîñòûå + ïðîèçâåäåíèÿ D x D, F x F!  èìååò áëèçíåöà  D

 ------------------------------------------------ -------------------------------------------------                                                                  

       .

                                               I. ÏÐÎÑÒÛÅ   ×ÈÑËÀ

Òàáëèöà ¹ 2 Ðàñïîëîæåíèå ïðîñòûõ ÷èñåë â ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñ øåñòåðè÷íîé ïåðèîäèçàöèåé.

--------------------------------------------------------------

           Ãðóïïû     !        A     B     C     D     E     F

----------------------!---------------------------------------   

 ¹¹ ïåðèîäîâ    !     

             0               !        õ     õ     õ      õ      õ     õ                                    

             1               !        2     3     õ      5      õ     7

             2               !        õ     õ     õ     11     õ    13

             3               !        õ     õ     õ     17     õ    19

             4               !        õ     õ     õ     23     õ     õ              

             n               !        õ     õ     õ  6n - 1   õ  6n + 1

----------------------!-----------------------------------------

1.    ×èñëà 2 è 3 – ïåðâè÷íûå ïðîñòûå ÷èñëà. Ýòî åäèíñòâåííûå ïðîñòûå ÷èñëà, ñòîÿùèå ðÿäîì, áåç èíòåðâàëîâ

Âñå îñòàëüíûå, òèïè÷íûå ïðîñòûå ÷èñëà íàõîäÿòñÿ â D è F ãðóïïàõ

Îáîçíà÷èì  ¹¹ ïåðèîäîâ ÷èñåë ãðóïïû  D áóêâîé d, à ÷èñåë ãðóïïû F áóêâîé f.

                            D = 6d -1                F = 6f +1.

2.     Òèïè÷íûå ïðîñòûå ÷èñëà, ïðèíàäëåæàùèå ðàçíûì  ãðóïïàì, íî îäíîìó è òîìó æå ïåðèîäó, íàçûâàþòñÿ áëèçíåöàìè

 Íàïðèìåð

     ×èñëà 5 è7 – áëèçíåöû. Îíè èìåþò îäèí è òîò æå ïåðèîä d = f = 1

                            ( 6d – 1 ) = 6 õ 1 – 1 = 5

                            ( 6f + 1 ) = 6 õ 1 + 1 = 7.

      ×èñëà 29 è 31 – áëèçíåöû. Îíè èìåþò ïåðèîä d = f = 5

                             ( 6d – 1 ) = 6 õ 5 – 1 = 29

                             ( 6f + 1 ) = 6 õ 5 + 1 = 31

3.     Ñîñòàâ ðÿäà ÷èñåë ãðóïïû D ( Òàáëèöà ¹1)

à) ïðîñòûå ÷èñëà

b) ïðîèçâåäåíèÿ  D õ F:

           ( 6a – 1 ) õ ( 6b + 1 ) = 36ab + 6a – 6b –  1  = 6 (6ab + a  – b) – 1 = 6d - 1

Îòñþäà ñëåäóåò, ÷òî âñå D =/ 6 (6ab + a  – b) – 1

( ãäå a è b ëþáîå íàòóðàëüíîå ÷èñëî) – ýòî  ïðîñòûå ÷èñëà.

Âñå d =/ 6ab + a  – b (ãäå a è b ëþáîå íàòóðàëüíîå ÷èñëî) – ýòî ïåðèîäû ïðîñòûõ ÷èñåë.

4.      Ñîñòàâ ðÿäà ÷èñåë ãðóïïû  F ( Òàáëèöà ¹1)

             à) ïðîñòûå ÷èñëà

             b) ïðîèçâåäåíèÿ  D õ D

                 ( 6a – 1 ) õ ( 6b – 1 ) = 36ab –  6a – 6b + 1 = 6 (6ab – a – b) + 1

             ñ) ïðîèçâåäåíèÿ  F õ  F:

                 ( 6a + 1 ) õ ( 6b + 1 ) = 36ab + 6a + 6b + 1 = 6 (6ab + a + b) + 1

 Çíà÷èò, ïðîñòûå ÷èñëà ýòî:

              F =/ 6 (6ab – a – b) + 1

              F =/ 6 (6ab + a + b) +  1( ãäå a è b ëþáîå íàòóðàëüíîå ÷èñëî)

Ïåðèîäû ïðîñòûõ ÷èñåë

              f =/ 6ab - a  – b

              f =/ 6ab + a  + b (ãäå a è b ëþáîå íàòóðàëüíîå ÷èñëî)

.

                                      II   ÒÅÑÒÛ    ÏÐÎÑÒÎÒÛ

 

                                               1. ÐÅØÅÒÎ

 Çàïèøåì ëþáîé èç ÷èñëîâûõ ðÿäîâ ãðóïï D èëè  F äî íóæíîãî íàì ÷èñëà. Çíàê ( - ) îïóñòèì áåç óùåðáà äëÿ íàøåé çàäà÷è.

  53    47    41    35    29    23    17    11    5    1    7    13    19    25    31    37    43    49    55

 

Öåíòð ýòîãî ðÿäà  - ÷èñëî 1. Îíî íå ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïðîñòûì. Îáîçíà÷èì åãî [õ]. Ïåðâîå ïîñëå 1

÷èñëî 5 – ïðîñòîå. Îò 5  âëåâî è âïðàâî îòñ÷èòûâàåì êàæäîå 5-îå ÷èñëî è  âû÷åðêèâàåì.

    53    47    41    õ     29    23    17    11    5    õ    7    13    19    õ     31    37    43    49    õ

Ñëåäóþùåå ïî âåëè÷èíå íåâû÷åðêíóòîå ÷èñëî 7 – ïðîñòîå. Îò 7  âëåâî è âïðàâî îòñ÷èòûâàåì êàæäîå 7-å ÷èñëî è âû÷åðêèâàåì.

    53    47    41    õ     29    23    17    11    5    õ    7    13    19    õ     31    37    43    õ     õ

Ìû ïîëó÷èëè ðÿä òèïè÷íûõ ïðîñòûõ ÷èñåë â èíòåðâàëå îò 5 äî 55. Äîñòàòî÷íûì ÿâëÿåòñÿ âû÷åðêèâàåìîå ÷èñëî [êîðåíü êâàäðàòíûé èç íàèáîëüøåãî êâàäðàòà â ðÿäó].

                                          2. ÏÅÑÎ×ÍÛÅ  ×ÀÑÛ

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           

Òàáëèöà ¹ 1 Îïðåäåëåíèå ïðîñòîòû ÷èñåë «Ïåñî÷íûå ÷àñû»

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!         !                   !                   !                   !                   !                   ! _________!x!

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1    Ðàçðåæåì Òàáëèöó ¹ 1 íà âåðòèêàëüíûå êîëîíêè øèðèíîé 6 êëåòîê.  

      2.   Îòðåæåì îò êàæäîé êîëîíêè áåëóþ íåðàçëèíîâàííóþ ÷àñòü.

      3    Ñîâìåñòèì êîëîíêè, íàëîæèâ äðóã íà äðóãà. Åñëè ïåðâàÿ êîëîíêà èìååò øèðèíó ìåíüøå, ÷åì 6 êëåòîê, òî îíà ñäâèãàåòñÿ âïðàâî, à ïîñëåäíÿÿ – âëåâî äî áîêîâîé ëèíèè.

4     Äîïóñòèì, ÷òî ëèñò ïðîçðà÷íûé. Òîãäà ïóñòûå êëåòêè â ñîâìåùåííîé êîëîíêå

ñîîòâåòñòâóþò ïðîñòûì ÷èñëàì ( Òàáëèöû ¹ 2À è2 ). Ôîðìóëû ââåðõó Òàáëèöû ¹ 2  äëÿ ÷èñåë f ïåðèîäîâ îò 0 è âûøå, ôîðìóëû âíèçó – äëÿ ÷èñåë d ïåðèîäîâ îò 0 è íèæå. (Ïåðèîäû f è d - ¹¹ ñòðî÷åê ).

                                                                                  

  Òàáëèöà ¹ 2À                                            Òàáëèöà ¹ 2                                       Ïåðèîäû                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     

                                       _____________________________________________                                                                                                                                                                   

                                       !_36f+25 !_36f+19!_36f+13 !_36f+7_!_36f+1_!_36f-5_!       F

     ___________            ______________________________________________

     !õ!õ!õ!_!_!õ!            !_______!_______!_______!__547__!__541__!_______!     15

     !õ!_!õ!õ!õ!_!            !_______!__ 523_ !_______!_______!_______!__499__!     14

     !õ!_!õ!õ!õ!_!            !_______!__487__!_______!_______!_______!__463__!     13

     !_!õ!õ!_!_!õ!            !__457__!_______!_______!__439__!__433__!_______!     12

     !_!õ!_!õ!_!õ!            !__421__!_______!__409__!_______!__397__!_______!     11

     !õ!_!_!_!õ!õ!            !_______!__379__!__373__!__367__!_______!_______!     10

     !_!õ!_!_!õ!õ!            !__349__!_______!__337__!__331__!_______!_______!      9

     !_!_!õ!õ!õ!_!            !__313__!__307__!_______!_______!_______!__283__!      8

     !_!_!õ!õ!õ!õ!            !__277__!__271__!_______!_______!_______!_______!      7

     !_!õ!_!_!õ!_!            !__241__!_______!__229__!__223__!_______!__211__!      6

     !õ!_!_!õ!_!õ!            !_______!__199__!__193__!_______!__181__!_______!      5

     !õ!_!_!_!õ!_!            !_______!__163__!__157__!__151__!_______!__139__!      4

     !õ!_!õ!õ!_!_!            !_______!__127__!_______!_______!__109__!__103__!      3

     !_!õ!õ!_!_!_!            !___97__!_______!_______!___79__!___73__!___67__!      2

     !_!õ!õ!_!_!_!            !___61__!_______!_______!___43__!___37__!___31__!      1

     !õ!_!_!_!0!_!            !_______!___19__!___13__!____7__!_______!____5__!      0

     !_!_!_!_!õ!_!            !___11__!___17__!____23_!___29__!_______!___41__!      1

     !_!_!_!õ!_!õ!            !___47__!___53__!___59__!_______!___71__!_______!      2

     !_!_!õ!_!_!_!            !___83__!___89__!_______!__101__!__107__!__113__!      3

     !õ!õ!_!_!õ!_!            !_______!_______!__131__!__137__!_______!__149__!      4

     !õ!õ!_!_!_!õ!            !_______!_______!___167_!__173__!__179__!_______!      5

     !_!_!õ!õ!õ!õ!            !__191__!__197__!_______!_______!_______!_______!      6

     !_!_!_!õ!_!_!            !__227__!__233__!__239__!_______!__251__!__257__!      7

     !_!_!õ!_!õ!_!            !__263__!__269__!_______!__281__!_______!__293__!      8

     !õ!õ!_!_!õ!õ!            !_______!_______!__311__!__317__!_______!_______!      9

     !õ!õ!_!_!_!õ!            !_______!_______!__347__!__353__!__359__!_______!     10

     !õ!õ!_!_!õ!_!            !_______!_______!__383__!__389__!_______!__401__!     11

     !õ!õ!_!õ!_!õ!            !_______!_______!__419__!_______!__443__!_______!     12

     !_!_!õ!_!_!õ!            !__443__!__449__!_______!__461__!__467__!_______!     13

     !_!õ!_!õ!_!_!            !__479__!_______!__491__!_______!__503__!__509__!     14

     !õ!_!õ!õ!õ!õ!            !_______!__521__!_______!_______!_______!_______!     15

     !õ!_!_!_!õ!õ!            !_______!__557__!__563__!__569__!_______!_______!     16

     !_!_!_!õ!õ!_!            !__587__!__593__!__599__!_______!_______!__617  _!     17

                                      _______________________________________________

                                      !36d -25 _!36d-19_!36d-13_!_36d-7_ !_36d-1_ !_36d+5_!      D

                                                    Ïîñòðîåíèå Òàáëèöû ¹ 1 

  1.    ×èñëîâàÿ îñü. ( Òàáëèöà ¹ 3À)

×èñëîâàÿ îñü -  ýòî äâà ðÿäà íàòóðàëüíûõ ÷èñåë, êîòîðûå èäóò ââåðõ è âíèç îò 0 â öåíòðå òàáëèöû. ×èñëà íà îñè - íîìåðà ïåðèîäîâ.

  2.    Ïåðèîäû ÷èñåë. ( Òàáëèöà ¹ 3À) 

Ïåðèîä ÷èñåë – ýòî îäíà ñòðî÷êà (6 êëåòîê) â êîëîíêå. Ââåðõ îò 0 èäóò  ¹¹ ïåðèîäîâ f ÷èñåë âèäà (6à  + 1), âíèç îò 0 èäóò  ¹¹ ïåðèîäîâ d ÷èñåë  âèäà (6à - 1).                                                                                    

  3.    ×èñëîâûå óçëû. ( Òàáëèöà ¹ 3Â)

×èñëîâûå óçëû - ýòî ÷èñëà d íà îñè, ðàâíûå êâàäðàòàì ÷èñåë (1 4 9 16 ... n ^ 2).

   4.    ×èñëîâûå öåïî÷êè . ( Òàáëèöû  ¹ 3Â è ¹3Ñ)

×èñëîâûå öåïî÷êè – ïàðíûå. Îíè ñèììåòðè÷íû îòíîñèòåëüíî îñè. Êàæäàÿ êëåòêà â öåïî÷êå ñäâèíóòà îòíîñèòåëüíî ïðåäûäóùåé íà 1 êëåòêó â ñòîðîíó îò ÷èñëîâîé îñè, íà n êëåòîê ââåðõ èëè âíèç (ïîõîæå íà «õîä êîíåì» â øàõìàòàõ.)

   à) ×èñëîâûå öåïî÷êè âíèçó îò 0 èñõîäÿò èç ÷èñëîâûõ óçëîâ d. Êëåòêè â íèõ ñäâèíóòû  íà 1 â ñòîðîíû îò ÷èñëîâîé îñè è íà n  âíèç (Òàáëèöà ¹ 3Â). Ïàðàìåòðû ïîñòðîåíèÿ öåïî÷åê âíèç îò 0 ïðèâåäåíû â Òàáëèöå ¹ 4À 

           Òàáëèöà ¹ 3                     

         À. ×èñëîâàÿ îñü.      Â. ×èñëîâûå óçëû d = n^2           C. ×èñëîâûå

         Ïåðèîäû ÷èñåë             è ÷èñëîâûå öåïî÷êè d’                 öåïî÷êè f’                            

           _______f___               ________       ________          _______________     

           !_!_!_!_!4!_!              !_!_!õ!_!_!     !_!_!õ!_!_!        !õ!_!_!_!3!_!_!_!õ!   

           !_!_!_!_!3!_!              !_!õ!2!õ!_!     !_!_!5!_!_!        !_!õ!_!_!2!_!_!õ!_!        

           !_!_!_!_!2!_!              !õ!_!3!_!õ!     !_!õ!6!õ!_!        !_!_!õ!_!1!_!õ!_!_!        

           !_!_!_!_!1!_!                                     !_!_!7!_!_!        !_!_!_!_!0!_!_!_!_!        

           !_!_!_!_!0!_!                 d = 1^2        !õ!_!8!_!õ!                

           !_!_!_!_!1!_!                                                                            f = 1^2

           !_!_!_!_!2!_!                                        d = 2^2                 

           !_!_!_!_!4!_!                                                                 

                         d

         b) Öåïî÷êè ââåðõ îò 0 íà÷èíàþòñÿ íà ðàññòîÿíèè 2n êëåòîê ïî îáå ñòîðîíû îò f = n^2 (êëåòêà f ïðè ýòîì îòñ÷åòå âûïîëíÿåò ðîëü 0)  è ñäâèíóòû íà 1 êëåòêó â ñòîðîíû îò îñè è íà n êëåòîê ââåðõ (Òàáëèöà ¹ 3Ñ)                                                                                                         

Ïàðàìåòðû ïîñòðîåíèÿ öåïî÷åê îò 0 è âûøå ïðèâåäåíû â Òàáëèöå ¹ 4Â

           

Òàáëèöà ¹ 4À.Ïàðàìåòðû                       Òàáëèöà ¹ 4Â. Ïàðàìåòðû

öåïî÷åê  ÷èñåë âèäà (6à – 1)                      öåïî÷åê ÷èñåë âèäà (6à + 1)             

 (âíèç îò 0)                                                  (ââåðõ îò 0)

___________________________               ________________________________________

! ×èñëîâûå !  Êîëè÷.!  Êîëè÷. !                !  ×èñëî   !    Êîëè÷åñòâî    !  Êîëè÷, !   Êîëè÷.  !

!      óçëû     ! êëåòîê !êëåòîê â !                !  íà îñè  ! êëåòîê îò ÷èñëà! êëåòîê  ! êëåòîê â  !

!                   !   âíèç   ! ñòîðîíó !                !              !      íà îñè äî      !   âíèç    ! ñòîðîíó   !

!                   !              !                !               !               ! íà÷àëà öåïî÷êè!               !                 !

!--------------!-----------!-----------!                !-----------!-------------------- !-----------!-------------!                                                                                      

!   1 ^ 2= 1   !     1       !        1     !                ! 1 ^ 2=  !!         1 õ 2           !      1       !      1         !

!   2 ^ 2 = 4  !     2       !       1      !                ! 2 ^2 = 4 !         2 õ 2          !      2       !      1         !

!   3 ^ 2 = 9  !     3       !       1      !                ! 3 ^ 2= 9 !         3 õ 2          !      3       !      1         !

!   n ^ 2        !      n      !       1      !                !  n ^ 2     !           2n             !      n       !      1         !

!--------------!----------!----------- !                !-----------!---------------------!-----------!------------ !

Ïîñòðîèì ÷èñëîâûå öåïî÷êè äî íóæíîãî íàì ÷èñëà. Âñå íåïîìå÷åííûå çíàêîì {x} êëåòêè ñîîòâåòñòâóþò ïðîñòûì ÷èñëàì. Ñëåäóåò ïðåäóñìîòðåòü, ÷òî çàïèñü öèôð íà ÷èñëîâîé îñè íå ÿâëÿåòñÿ çà÷åðêèâàíèåì êëåòîê

Òàêèì ñïîñîáîì ìîæíî îïðåäåëèòü âñå ïðîñòûå ÷èñëà îò 5 è áîëüøå äî òåõíè÷åñêè âîçìîæíûõ ïðåäåëîâ.

 


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